POINTS OF VIEW
Ethnic Cleansing:
Recently the term “Ethnic cleansing” has been used within our local political arena, and like many other words, phrases and concepts, it has been misused and as a result some controversy has erupted. Ethnic cleansing is a term used to refer to the persecution through imprisonment, expulsion, or killing of members of an ethnic minority by a local majority to achieve ethnic homogeneity in majority-controlled territory. The term entered English and international media usage in the early 1990s to describe war events in the former Yugoslavia and has become synonymous with the term genocide. During the 1990s it was used extensively by the media in the former Yugoslavia in relation to the Croatian War of Independence, since Serb paramilitary forces and JNA engaged in forcible removal of Croatians and other non-Serbs from areas of Croatia occupied by rebel Serbs. Rebel Serbs and JNA have committed widespread and systematic acts of persecution (murder, violence, detention, intimidation) against non-Serb population creating a such coercive atmosphere of fear, that the targeted population had no option but to flee or to be deported by force. These acts were carried out from at least August 1991. The displacement of non-Serb population which followed these attacks was not merely the consequence of military action, but in fact its primary objective. The term “ethnic cleansing” appears to have been popularised by the international media some time around 1992. The term may have originated some time before the 1990s in the military doctrine of the former Yugoslav People's Army, which spoke of "cleansing the field" of enemies to take total control of a conquered area. The term "cleansing", more specifically the Russian term "cleansing of borders", was used in Soviet Union documents of the early 1930s in reference to the resettlement of Poles. The process was repeated on a larger and wider scale in 1939–1941, involving many other ethnicities with cross-border ties to foreign nation-states, see Involuntary settlements in the Soviet Union and Population transfer in the Soviet Union. A similar term with the same intent was used by the Nazi administration in Germany under Adolf Hitler. When an area under Nazi control had its entire Jewish population removed, whether by driving the population out, by deportation to Concentration Camps, and/or murder, the area was declared "cleansed of Jews". Okay, so now lets give a few other very quick examples of actual cases of ethnic cleansing that took place in recent history:- i- Some 150,000 Italians settled in Libya, constituting about 18% of the total population. In 1970, the government expelled all of Libya's ethnic Italians, a year after Muammar al-Gaddafi seized power (this in history has been called the "day of vengeance" on 7 October, 1970). Ii- By 1969, more than 350,000 Salvadorans were living in Honduras. In 1969, Honduras enacted a new land reform law. This law took land away from Salvadoran immigrants and redistributed this land to native-born Honduran peoples. Thousands of Salvadorans were displaced by this law (this was actually the result of what was called the Football War). Iii- During the Bangladesh War of Independence of 1971 around 10 million Bengalis, mainly Hindus, fled the country to escape the killings and atrocities committed by the Pakistan Army. Furthermore, many intellectuals and other religious minorities were targeted by death squads… iv- Idi Amin's regime forced the expulsion in 1972 of Uganda's entire ethnic Asian population, mostly of Indian descent, v- The forced assimilation campaign of the late 80s directed against ethnic Turks resulted in the emigration of some 300,000 Bulgarian Turks to Turkey, vi- The 1994 massacres of nearly 1,000,000 Tutsis by Hutus, known as the Rwandan Genocide, vii- Since April 1989, some 70,000 black Mauritanians—members of four main ethnic groups—have been expelled from Mauritania by the Mauritanian government. It do well for the image of our local politics for our representatives use language a lot more responsibly because we definitely don’t want to give an outside impression that ethnic cleansing is taking place here.
Integrity:
The value of integrity is an essential component in our local system of politics and law. We live in a society where we frequently hear stories of bribes and corrupt payoffs in high office and ugly corrupt under the counter deals taking place. The 1986 fall of the PNM was a very telling time for political corruption, even though it has grown magnanimously since then. According to Selwyn Ryan in his book “The Disillusioned Electorate” the government in the early 1980s was accused of drug trafficking, importing goods on the negative list, and stealing money. Kamaluddin Mohammed referring to the members of the NAR said “They teif just like anybody in the PNM, and now their talking about accountability as if they just came down from heaven.” Desmond Carty said “Its not the PNM alone that stole, all ah we tief!” Hugh Francis admitted corruption in his party saying “We don’t see people condemning Christianity because Judas was corrupt,” and Prime Minister George Chambers said in response to the same issue “Our party membership was drawn from the national community and you know not everyone in society is a saint.” The book of Mark 8:36 asks the question; “What does it profit a man to gain the whole world, and lose his own soul ” And this would have set the stage for the continued practice of government corruption that we saw in the decades to follow. In a study done on the term "integrity" and its significance in modern ethics, law professor Stephen L. Carter wrote “integrity is not only a refusal to engage in behavior that evades responsibility, but as an understanding of different modes or styles in which some discourse takes place, and which aims at the discovery of some truth. Professor Carter writes: Integrity requires three steps: (1) discerning what is right and what is wrong; (2) acting on what you have discerned, even at personal cost; and (3) saying openly that you are acting on your understanding of right from wrong. It is noted that Integrity is not the same as honesty… It requires “discernment.” It is consistency of actions, values, methods, measures, principles, expectations and outcome. As a holistic concept, it judges the quality of a system in terms of its ability to achieve its own goals. Integrity may be seen as the quality of having a sense of honesty and truthfulness in regard to the motivations for one's actions. The term "hypocrisy" is used in contrast to integrity for asserting that one part of a value system demonstrably conflicts with another, and to demand that the parties holding apparently conflicting values account for the discrepancy or change their beliefs to improve internal consistency. According to Raza Sarwar many people appear to use the word "integrity" in a vague manner as an alternative to the political incorrectness of using blatant terms like "good" or ethical. In this sense the term often refers to a refusal to engage in lying, blaming or other behavior generally seeming to evade accountability. Popular discussions of integrity often see the concept as an all-or-nothing affair: one describes an approved person as "having integrity" (as an absolute), but condemns an enemy or a collective enemy organization as "completely lacking in integrity".
Thought, Action, Habit, Character, Destiny
From a thought comes an action, from an action comes a habit from a habit forms a character and from a character derives a destiny. First of all; from a thought comes an action, Jesus said “so a man thinks so is he” also the mind is like a parachute, it only works when it is fully open. The human mind is able to initiate the creation process through intuitive thinking. No action takes place unless it was first a thought, unless it was a reflex action... next from an action comes a habit; whether the actions are good or bad, positive or negative, once they are done and there is an element of comfort and complacency it is likely to become a habit. It takes a certain level of self determination and commitment to successfully break a bad habit but it can be done through the use of “mind power.”From positive thoughts we get positive results, likewise from negative thoughts we get negative results. You cannot get negative results from a positive state of mind and likewise you cannot get positive results from a negative state of mind. Jesus said in the book of Mark that “a corrupt tree brings forth corrupt fruit and a good tree brings forth good fruit, furthermore a corrupt tree cannot bring forth good fruit and a good tree cannot bring forth corrupt fruit. The tree is the mind that permits the performance of the action, the fruit is the action itself, and the description of “good” or “corrupt” is the habit formed that has given the tree a character... Your character is the final place of abode for your reputation, it what is the definition of what you are and all that you have become, it is what you shall be known as. Your character is the sum total of the thoughts that people have about you when they hear your name. So from a habit forms a character and from a character derives a destiny. As a result of all that you have done, after weighing all of your thoughts and deeds on the scale of justice, your destiny shall be determined. This is the judgment under the laws of the universe; the judgement of God. The Qur’an teaches that God does wrong to no man but man does wrong to himself. The Qurán also teaches that man designs with his own hands, and with his own mind; the means of his own destruction. There are many people today who are in a state of anguish, remorse and regret over errors and mistakes that they made because they did not take the time to think carefully about their choices, or because they chose appetite and greed over reason and logic, and so now they are lamenting in pain wishing that they could reverse the hands of time. But this destiny was rooted in a thought... Think very carefully at all times about everything that you say and do because it all carries consequences. What goes around comes around, everything comes right back to us within a period of time. The law of justice is part of the nature of the universe. Justice is represented by equality, equality is balance, balance is equal measure on both sides regardless, so be conscious and keep your thoughts pure… because from a thought comes an action, from an action comes a habit from a habit forms a character and from a character derives a destiny.
Good Government for the People
The politics in our society seems to be getting uglier, less rational and even more ridiculous… A good government or a caring government is one that does not classify and categorise its people into different groups of citizens based on class; and then give them rights accordingly. By the fact that we still have problems pertaining to citizens access to water, electricity, roads and houses, but we have high speed internet, advanced modern technology in communications and media and computerised administrative systems in the corporate sector suggests that modern politics does not have as a top priority the well-being of all their citizens. A nation is judged, not by the wealth in the treasury or the tall buildings in the cities but by its service to the poor, the weak, the disadvantaged and the oppressed... but poor people have little or nothing to contribute financially to political parties; therefore what they receive from elected government’s remains minimal. The education system would not be repaired for as long as a few get maximum benefits from it, the economy would not be fixed for as long as a few get maximum benefits from it, and its the same with politics and law. In the absence of fully functional government institutions there is a need for we as citizens to be vigilant, security conscious, watchful, and to have a sense of community oneness and nationhood, there has to be a return to the village approach of raising our children which entails paying attention to all of the dimensions of the growth and development of the young individuals. We are making a mistake when we see the criminals only as the complete “crime problem” itself... we are also part of the problem on the grounds that we are not a part of the solution. We contribute to the crisis by demonstrating fear, ignorance, inactivity, slowness to respond, refusal to unite, failure to lift our voices, irresponsibility in our mandatory roles and fathers and mothers, sisters and brothers... I remember seeing an advertisement campaign some years ago that was calling upon citizens to be nice to foreigners, and as far back as then I questioned why there could not be a campaign promoting the ideal of us being nice to each other. It would be in our best interest as a nation to show equal concern for the murder of our own in the same fashion as we do for foreigners. There seems to be a hault to all security state machinery when a visitor to our shores is attacked but we are so numb and insensitive when one of our own citizens is attacked. We have a number of cases of persons who are attacked, robbed, mugged, harassed and beaten in both public and private places; but when this is done it is treated so differently as if there is a difference in the worth or value of human life by social class. When the rights of tourists are violated the police are made to answer questions, to be accountable, to give an explanation as to why it is taking so long for arrests to be made. Our security forces are in the spotlight. I remember as well reading years ago a story about a tourist who was robbed and they called a magistrate out of their bed to deal with the matter ina court. There seems to be a swift negative assumption that when some of our own citizens are victims of crime it is because it some way they called it upon themselves... we would hear terms used such as gang related, wrong place at the wrong time, guilty by association and “collateral damage...” could you imagine that “collateral damage” statement being used to describe the murder of a British tourist in Tobago? Of course not, because it would be cold, callous, inappropriate and insensitive... it would be wrong! Then why should there be this kind of dismissal when it comes to our own. Right now we are on the verge of turning a blind eye to our own collective sufferings. Trinidad & Tobago is truly a great country a powerful nation with the potential to stand shoulder to shoulder as a competitive entity with any country on Earth in any field of human endeavour. We have achieved so much, and have went through so many challenges… our people have endured the half truths and full and complete lies about the Saladoid peoples whom they mistakenly called “Caribs & Arawaks” when the first Trinidadians dated back beyond 7000 years:- they were called the “Banwari People” and they and the peoples that followed all had their own glorious culture, belief system and civilization. But Christopher Colombus later came in 1498 and led a legacy of murder and genocide against the native inhabitants and claimed Trinidad for Spain. What followed was theological imperialism, economic oppression and exploitation and enslavement of Black people who were brought here for white profit. We went through slavery and its Abolition in 1807 and its Emancipation in 1838, the end of East Indian Indentureship in 1917. We are a cosmopolitan nation:- the French came in 1783 with the Cedula of population, the British in 1797 with their recolonization, the Chinese came in 1806, the East Indians in 1845, the Lebanese in 1902 and the Syrians in 1906… but the Africans (the only ones that did not come voluntarily) were kidnapped and brought here against their will in 1592 on the request of Captain Antonio de Berrio to the King of Spain. There was the end of colonialism and the beginning of political independence in 1962. We became a republic in 1976 and established the THA in 1980. We are a people with a strong will and firm self determination, we have a passion for justice and we believe in freedom in liberation. We have strength, courage and resilience. As a nation we have also withstood other setbacks such as the great POS fire of 1808, the Cholera outbreak of 1858 which killed over 2000 people and Huricane Flora of 1963 which wreaked costly damage. We had what was called the Hosay Riots in 1881 and the Camboulay Riots in 1884, the Water Riots in 1903 when the Red House was set on fire and had to be rebuilt, the Oilfield Workers Uprisings under Uriah Buzz Butler in 1937, we went through partial adult sufferage in 1925 and full adult sufferage in 1946 where generally all adult citizens were able to participate by voting in general elections for their legislative representatives… and thus began a new phase of the ethnic polarization characterized by racial party politics. We as a nation have also been challenged by classism / social class stratification, religious self-righteousness and scorn, and negative political attitudes towards the masses. Our rich social history also saw the 1970 Black Movement and the 1990 Muslimeen Coup and now in the new millennium we face a crisis of self destruction whereby our society is imploding. We are on the threshold of being 50 years old as an independent sovereign state and it is time to mend and repair all of the social damage that has been done to “mother-Trinibago”Our 50th Anniversary of Independence: In the year 2012 this nation will celebrate 50 years of independence. 50 years since breaking the ceremonial chains of colonialism and political Europeanization. But also 50 years of failure to establish anything near the ideal new age society of freedom, justice, equality, human rights and civil rights. We the people of Trinidad & Tobago have the power collectively to transform our society into exactly what we want it to be, but in addition to having the “power” to do so we also have the “option.” It is our decision to change and nobody else’s. We have “freewill” and freedom of choice” we have bestowed upon us all of the necessary human rights and civil privilages to make all of the changes that we believe should be implemented. Maybe we may not have control over the state resources in the way me may think is most effective, but if we have the social will then we can be unstoppable. The breaking of dawn begins a new day by introducing rays of sunlight that energise and brighten a previously dark period… likewise this “light” representing a new way of thinking can usher in a new period of progress for our nation by having a new way of thinking emerge. God will only change the condition of a people if they change their own heart. The heart here is not referring to the human heart but to ur sensitivity towards responsibility. While the past and the future are important it is only the present that we live in. It is “the here and now” were we have the opportunity to exercise power. We must never put off for tomorrow what we can and must do today or else it may never get done. Procrastination is the greatest enemy of progress. Indeciveness, doubt and hesitancy are all alies to failure. Fear is the greatest enemy of self determination and will power. So we “celebrate” independence, but a celebration is a recognition of an event worthy of glorying in. So our celebration is more based on virtual dreams rather than on actual and factual realities. We should collectively commit ourselves to towards giving our nation a deadline of August 31st, 2012 to clean up our nation socially and spiritually and once and for all purge ourselves of the many demons that plague us as a people. Both the demons that we so easily identify in others but find it so difficult to find and admit within our own selves. It would require soul searching, introspection and confession but it can be done, it must be done.Mental Health: It is said that many people in T&T suffer from Mental Health Disorders…. We are troubled and frustrated by so many issues… the pressures of daily life are challenging to cope with, no doubt, but we have to able to rise above these difficulties and take control of the condition of our thinking and our emotions. Health generally speaking is the absence of disease, but in its most profound sense it is when something exists in accordance with its nature, aim and purpose. What is the nature, aim and purpose of the human being? Well we were made in the image and likeness of God, which gives us our nature, our aim is to fulfill a divine plan based on a destiny of struggle to overcome obstacles and barriers in our lives and our purpose is to be in sync with a universe of love, life and energy… So any living organism can be in a state of health for as long as it is effectively functioning, uninhibited in harmony with the reasons for its existence. If something exists that is not in accordance with its purpose for existence then forces in the universe shall remove it or destroy it. But what about the mind? In psychology there are four major Mental Health Disorders:- depression, bi-polar, schizophrenia, and OCD or Obsessive compulsive disorder. 1) Depression is a mental disorder characterized by a pervasive low mood and loss of interest and enthusiasm in usual daily activities. 2) Bipolar disorder refers to a category of mood disorders or extreme mood swings, 3) Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by abnormalities in the perception or expression of reality. – it is also referred to as “split personality” symptoms of it include hallucinations, paranoid or bizarre delusions, or disorganized speech and thinking with significant social or occupational dysfunction., finally 4) Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a chronic anxiety disorder most commonly characterized by obsessive, distressing, intrusive thoughts and related compulsions. But prayer and meditation cleanse the mind. The human mind desires true education as the lungs desire oxygen – but there is a need for valuable and relevant knowledge. Thought transforms – when a person is sick, or in prison and a positive word of encouragement can be brought to them by a visitor, then when that visitor goes away it is like leaving a positive companion in the room with the person. A negative thought has a similar effect on the mind as a virus has on a computer. The Ghetto Mentality
Two of the most common kinds of ghettos over the last 100 years have been Black ghettos and Jewish ghettos. Black ghettos were built largely because we were poor, but Jewish ghettos, for example in Germany under Hitler, were built because they were rich. The Germans were concerned about the Jews hoarding the economy and controlling the state capital, so they were "ghettoised" to contain their economic control. Ghettoization is also a form of residential segregation based on racism. Black people in America moved to many urban city centres after world war two but were not welcomed into many areas were whites lived, so ghettos were created to accomodate their presence. At the same time we saw what was known as white flight; where the blacks move in, the whites move out. Now we may generally know about aparthied in South Africa where blacks by law had to live in certain areas and could not mix with whites, but in America there was also a form of aparthied in the southern states up to the year 1917. It was called racial zoning, and the racial zoning ordinances were declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1917 (Buchanan v. Warley). But they were replaced by the use of racially restrictive covenants, where the same kind of segregation was practiced. Local real estate interests, lending institutions, and "improvement" associations acted as so many gatekeepers, steering blacks into all-black areas and preserving the homogeneity of white neighborhoods. In Trinidad Ghettos wre created after slavery so that the plantation owners could have an available workforce – East POS has been designed to have a labouring class near the businesses of the elites in late 1800s and early 1900s… and those who tried to flee to rural communities were pulled back by squatter laws…What works best of all for those who build the ghettos is then when there is pain or frustration in the ghetto, the people take out these frustrations on each other rather than people outside the community, and this is where the ghetto mentality comes in. The ghetto mentality is a way of thinking that attempts to prevent others within our community from enjoying success and prosperity. The ghetto mentality is a methodology of thought that lacks consciousness and that makes excuses for failures and short comings. The ghetto mentality blames others for our own condition. It is in a state of "psychological victimology" fueled by contempt for your own kind. We try to justify our position of poverty by pulling others down instead of lifting ourselves up. We try to prevent others from getting ahead instead of striving to get ahead ourselves. Someone gets some kind of salary increase or promotion and we see them as undesrving of it, we harbour a sense of envy and jealousy towards the successes of one another. This is the mentality of one who hates to see their neighbor with a new car or an improved home and goes behind their back and “bad mouths” their own people. We have to fight against the ghetto mentality. This way of thinking is rooted in envy… envy is like a flame that destroys and consumes the heart of the envier from within. Not only does the envier want what belongs to others but it gets to the stage where he simply does not want those others to remain in possession of what they have. In the book of Genesis Cain killed his brother Abel out of envy, so envy here became the root of murder. By these kinds of petty wars and rivalry we keep each other in an oppressed state instead of recognising a bigger enemy on the outside. This enemy on the outside benefits from our division, disunity and self-hatred… Its a case of the story of the two buckets of crabs...
Leadership – Part IILeadership has been described as the “process of social influence in which one person can enlist the aid and support of others in the accomplishment of a common task”. "Leadership is ultimately about creating a way for people to contribute to making something extraordinary happen. Effective leadership is the ability to successfully integrate and maximize available resources within the internal and external environment for the attainment of organizational or societal goals. An effective leader can be described as "an individual with the capacity to consistently succeed in a given condition and be recognized as meeting the expectations of an organization or society." Leadership is one of the most relevant aspects of the organizational context. However, defining leadership has been challenging. Leadership is about capacity: the capacity of leaders to listen and observe, to use their expertise as a starting point to encourage dialogue between all levels of decision-making, to establish processes and transparency in decision-making, to articulate their own values and visions clearly but not impose them. Leadership is about setting and not just reacting to agendas, identifying problems, and initiating change that makes for substantive improvement rather than managing change. The “Trait theory”suggests that there are specific talents, skills and physical characteristics of men who arose to power. We can observe in history in the nineteenth-century a great tradition of associating the history of society to the history of great men. Proponents of the trait approach usually list leadership qualities, assuming certain traits or characteristics will tend to lead to effective leadership. "Key leader traits include: drive (a broad term which includes achievement, motivation, ambition, energy, tenacity, and initiative), leadership motivation (the desire to lead but not to seek power as an end in itself), honesty, integrity, self-confidence (which is associated with emotional stability), cognitive ability, and knowledge of the business. Each and every single individual in society should have leadership qualities whether they are at the head, in charge of some group or not. We cannot afford to depend on there always being other leaders present. In particular our youth should be nurtured with leadership abilities, because leadership attributes are required for various situations that they may face. There is a “leader within.” That silent wisdom that can point you in the right direction, cause you to make the correct decisions and suitable choices. Leadership is required to resist the temptations of peer pressure, to refuse cigarettes, drugs and alcohol, to go in the right direction when the crowd is going in the opposition direction. Politicians have their own motives behind various actions that they take. Many political unions have their own terms and conditions that are not in the best interest of the masses that support them but they are based on a special kind of private convenience that suits the politicians only. But there are various ways that we can get our political representatives to work harder on our behalf.
1) Raise issues publicly so as to agitate swift action, 2) establish personal lines of communication between yourselves and either your parliamentarian, their secretary, your councilor or any other legislative representative to add a personal touch to your concerns, 3) create informal social groups or action groups in your various areas that can come together to discuss ideas and interests and then present them to government representatives, 4) as anti-climatic as it may be; educate yourselves on the manifesto issues and policy proposals of the parties in power so that you are empowered to hold them accountable for the promises that they make and 5) keep a tab on the pace of progress in your constituency and compare it to that of others. If your member of parliament is a hard-working one then their good works must show and they should not be lagging behind.
Memory: How good is your memory? Do you remember important bits and pieces of information? Can you recall important dates and numbers when you need to? Can you retain in your mind relevant content that can empower you in various situations? In general retention is remembering, and failure to retain is forgetting. In operational terms it is through assessing retention that the amount of learning that has taken place can be evaluated. Memory is a faculty, like other faculties such as reasoning and imagining. There are various techniques that you can use in order to make your memory stronger. Memory can be strengthened just as physical exercises strengthen muscles. The process of memorizing has a neurological basis. When an individual learns something, some modification takes place in the nervous system especially in the brain cells. Learning and memory involve protein synthesis of some kind. There are several billions of brain cells which store trillions of information. Some memories fade, while others remain. Memory or memorizing is not a "thing" but it comprises of four different processes: 1) Learning; which corresponds to making impressions, 2) Retention; the storing and retaining of what is learned, 3) Remembering or Recalling; which involves the retrieval of the material when required, and 4) Recognition; the material retrieved or recalled must be the correct material. But learning something always requires remembering. In some cases remembering is as important as learning. When something has been learnt, but it is not frequently remembered then the learning was not effective. We can improve our memories or remembering by utilizing our knowledge of the mechanism of remembering or memorizing. In memorizing, electrical and chemical changes take place. The electrical activity of the brain has been found to be very intimately connected with memory. The 3 types of memory: i- Sensory Memory which lasts for less than a second, ii- Short Term Memory lasts for about 18 seconds, iii- Long Term Memory. The transfer of a memory trace from STM to LTM involves certain processes called encoding. In STM the sensory data are kept or maintained in the attention by saying it either loudly or saying it to oneself repeatedly, e.g. when asking someone for a phone number. Most individuals forget rapidly; so to prevent forgetting like this different techniques can be used. Different people may use different mnemonic devices. This is encoding e.g. ROYGBIV for the spectrum colours. Memorizing involves neural processes of electrochemical nature. Encoding is the processing of the material in a deliberate manner done to an input (of information) to get it into the form in which it can be stored. Encoding has 4 major aspects: i- Selection: does one want to remember, ii- Rewriting: the selected information is made a part of the knowledge, iii- Categorizing: The selected and rewritten information is categorized so that it can be easily reached, iv- Elaborating or exaggerating the key characteristics. So encoding is an elaborate process employed by the thinking person in their own unique way. This is deliberately carried out, otherwise the material will not remain long, it will slip away. Another way to encode things you hear is through translation by giving the word another meaning that is more relevant. Chunking is another form of encoding. Memory span for information depends on the extent to which the learner is able to recall or process the information into organised units. The memory span is a fixed number of items. LTM depends on the number of categories or associations that an item can be given by the learner. Stored information is only useful if it can be retrieved, this remembering or recalling. Sometimes we have a vivid feeling of knowing something but cannot remember it, this phenomenon called the "Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon" . Retrival of learnt material has two forms. One is the recognition technique and the other is the recall. Now… forgetting may be caused by loss of memory owing to shock… which may be temporary, or long lasting, but such memories can be revived through different psychological techniques. In some cases forgetting is the function of time since past learning. In addition to the mere lapse of time that causes forgetting, there is also what happens during this intervening period between learning and recall, interference also causes us to forget: this when several things are learned and the memory traces of one interferes or blocks other memory traces. Interference is of two kinds: a) Proactive and b) Retroactive. (e.g. If a student is asked to recall a list of 20 words, they remember the first few and last few, and forget the middle words). The recall of learned material is based on certain principles such as i- Primacy; what is done first and ii- Recency; what happens last, also iii- Vividness; clear, vivid ideas are remembered with more ease. Concreteness helps recall, how meaningful or familiar the item is important. Recall is affected by factors such as anxiety and tension, to recall information it must have been stored in an organised way. It is easier to recall when cues are available. Meditation may also be done through images visualised by the learner, and then coded in certain meaningful ways.